Validación de una metodología para obtener la envolvente de ruptura al esfuerzo cortante en suelos no saturados compactados / Validation of a methodology to obtain the shear failure envelope of unsaturated compacted soils / Validação de uma metodologia para obter a envoltória de ruptura por cisalhamento em solos não saturados compactados

RESUMEN Obtener la envolvente de ruptura de suelos no saturados requiere de equipos especializados, de elevado costo y difícil acceso. Sin embargo, a través de ensayos de laboratorio simples combinados como corte directo, tracción indirecta y succión, es posible determinar la envolvente. La presente investigación busca, por tanto, validar dicha metodología, en un material limo de origen residual de la ciudad de Medellín-Antioquia, Colombia, compactado a la máxima densidad a través del ensayo Proctor normal. La validación se efectúa por medio de la repetitividad de una serie de ensayos de corte directo para diferentes valores de succión; comprobando que, es posible encontrar la envolvente de ruptura al corte de un suelo fino residual compactado, para distintas condiciones de succión, por medio de los ensayos de laboratorio de corte directo en condición consolidada y drenada, succión por el método del papel filtro y tracción indirecta, cuando no se cuenta con equipos de corte con succión controlada.

ABSTRACT Obtaining the failure envelope of unsaturated soils requires specialized equipment, which is expensive and difficult to access. Nevertheless, by combining simple laboratory tests like direct shear test on saturated samples, indirect tension test, and soil suction measurements by filter paper it is also possible to determine the envelope. This research aims to validate this latter methodology on a residual origin silt material from the city of Medellin, Colombia, which is compacted to the maximum dry density through the standard proctor test. The validation is carried out by repeating a series of direct shear tests for different suction values. It was verified that it is possible to find the shear failure envelope of a compacted fine-grained residual soil for different suction conditions, using the direct shear test under consolidated drained conditions, suction by the filter paper method, and the indirect tension test, when no suction controlled shear equipment is available.

RESUMO A obtenção da envoltória de ruptura de solos não saturados com controle de sucção requer equipamentos especiais, que são caros e de difícil acesso. No entanto, através de ensaios simples laboratoriais combinados, tais como os de cisalhamento direto, tração indireta e sucção, é possível determinar a envoltória de resistência. A presente investigação procura validar esta metodologia, usando um material siltoso de origem residual da cidade de Medellin-Antioquia, Colômbia, compactado na condição de densidade máxima obtida no ensaio de compactação Proctor normal. A validação é feita por meio da realização de uma série de ensaios de cisalhamento direto para diferentes valores de sucção; mostrando que é possível encontrar a envoltória de ruptura de um solo fino residual compactado, para diferentes condições de sucção, por meio de ensaios laboratoriais de cisalhamento direto consolidados drenados, sucção determinada pelo método do papel de filtro e ensaio de tração indireta, quando não se dispõe de equipamento de cisalhamento direto à sucção controlada.

Assessment of Heat and Mass Transfers by the Evaporation of a Large Impoundment under Dry and Hot Climate: Case of Burkina Faso

This paper aims to report a numerical study of the assessment of heat and mass transfers by evaporation of a large impoundment under Burkina Faso climate conditions. This impoundment is considered as a parallelepiped which upper face, in contact with the ambient environment and subject to solar radiation, is the seat of a natural convection-based evaporation. The intensity of this evaporation is modeled by a correlation in the literature. Transfers into water are made by natural convection. They are caused by temperature differences due to solar radiation and ambient conditions (wind, hygrometry of the air,) on water. These transfers are described by the Navier-Stokes equations and energy and the initial and boundary conditions associated with them. The finite volume method and the SIMPLE algorithm were used for speed-pressure coupling. The systems of algebraic equations deduced from the discretization of transfer equations and boundary conditions associated with them are solved with Thomas’ algorithm, the SIMPLE algorithm and an iterative procedure because evaporated water quantity depends on the temperature and concentration of water vapor at the surface of the impoundment which are the unknowns of the problem. The numerical model developed is validated in relation to previous work and experimental data from Burkina Faso meteorology. The results obtained concern the evolution of the evaporated water flux under dense solar flows, a relative humidity of the air proportional to the wind speed and also the evolution of the evaporated water flux against the solar flux density for high relative moisture content. Also the evolution of the evaporated water flow against the depth of the impoundment for a solar flux density, relative humidity and the temperature of the surface of the body of water is given. The determination of evaporated water flux for typical years was calculated on a 10-year period. The results obtained show that the flux of evaporated water increases with a high solar flux rate and decreases for a high relative humidity level.

Influence of fertilizer and hydrogel on physical-chemical attributes of substrate for seedling production / Influência de adubação e hidrogel nos atributos físico-químicos de substrato para produção de mudas florestais

The incorporation of the hydrogel into the substrate used in the forest nursery promotes improvements in its physical-chemical attributes. However, several factors influence the hydrogel efficiency, such as the increase of salts, promoted by fertilizer of the substrate. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the incorporation of fertilizer levels and hydrogel doses on the physical-chemical attributes of a substrate to produce forest seedlings. Different levels of basic fertilizer commonly used in the nursery (100%, 50% and 0%) and different doses of the hydrogel (0, 1, 2 and 3 g L-1) were incorporated into the substrate Tropstrato Florestal®, consisting of 12 treatments in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme. A sample of the substrate in each treatment was sent for analysis of its physical and chemical attributes. To evaluate the effect of the treatments on the physical-chemical attributes of the substrate, was used the multivariate principal components analyses. The levels of fertilizer and hydrogel doses were correlated with the attributes of the substrates obtained in each treatment. The incorporation of different fertilizer levels and hydrogel doses to the substrate modified their chemical and physical attributes. Fertilizers have influenced mainly the chemical attributes of the substrate, whereas hydrogels have influenced the physical attributes, mainly those related to water retention capacity and availability.

A incorporação do hidrogel ao substrato utilizado no viveiro florestal promove melhorias em seus atributos físico-químicos. Porém vários fatores influenciam na eficiência do hidrogel, como o aumento de sais, promovido pela adubação do substrato. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da incorporação de níveis de adubação e doses de hidrogel sobre os atributos físico-químicos de um substrato para a produção de mudas florestais. Foram incorporados ao substrato Tropstrato Florestal® diferentes níveis da adubação de base comumente utilizada no viveiro (100%, 50% e 0%) e diferentes doses do hidrogel (0, 1, 2 e 3 g L-1), consistindo em 12 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 3 x 4. Uma amostra do substrato em cada tratamento foi encaminhada para análise de seus atributos físicos e químicos. Para avaliar o efeito dos tratamentos sobre os atributos físico-químicos do substrato foi utilizada a análise multivariada de componentes principais. Os níveis de adubação e doses de hidrogel foram correlacionados com os atributos dos substratos obtidos em cada tratamento. A incorporação de diferentes níveis de adubação e doses de hidrogel ao substrato modificaram seus atributos químicos e físicos. A adubação influenciou principalmente os atributos químicos do substrato, enquanto que o hidrogel os atributos físicos, principalmente os relacionados à capacidade de retenção e disponibilidade de água.

Five Female Cases of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea after Taking Cold Food and Drink Under Stressful Conditions Successfully Treated with Ireito-Based Kampo Prescriptions / 日本東洋医学雑誌

We report five female patients (range 33-54 years) with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) that were successfully treated with ireito-­based prescriptions. Showing yin deficiency and weak constitution, they maintained a good state of bowel movement with warming and invigorating prescriptions. However, when it became hot around March to June and these patients encountered stressful conditions, they became thirsty and tended to take a lot of cold food and drink. Then, they developed diarrhea, epigastric and/or abdominal fullness, anxiety and depressive feeling, which are regarded as due to qi stagnation. Stuck sensations in pit of stomach by abdominal examination were reported in all cases. Their symptoms were derived from water retention and qi stagnation, and therefore, we prescribed ireito for one patient, ireito with keishikashakuyakuto or kenchutobased prescriptions (ogikenchuto or shokenchuto) for 3 patients, and ireito with keishibukuryogan for one patient. Ireito is composed of heiisan and goreisan. The Chinese herbs Magnolia Bark and Citrus Unshiu Peel in heiisan not only help the digestive system, but also improve qi stagnation. These results suggest that ireito,containing Peony Root, is effective for patients with IBS, who show stuck sensations in the pit of stomach and suffer from diarrhea with abdominal pain after taking cold food and drink under stressful conditions.

Assessing pedotransfer functions to estimate the soil water retention / Validação de funções de pedotransferência para estimativa da retenção de água no solo

Considering the importance of soil water retention for agricultural and environmental purposes, the objective of this study was to assess three pedotransfer functions (PTFs) used to estimate the soil moisture at field capacity (FC) based on soil attributes easily determined. A collection of 17 soils from the Cerrado and Pantanal biomes, including surface and subsurface horizons, was used. PTF-1 considers clay, organic matter, coarse sand, and microporosity; PTF-2 clay, total sand, and organic matter; and PTF-3 only microporosity. The estimated FC values were correlated to soil moisture values measured at different soil water potentials (0, 6, 10, 33, 100, 300, and 1500 kPa) to verify which potential corresponded to estimated FC. The data were subjected to regression analysis and Mann-Whitney rank-sum test to compare predicted and measured values and to principal component analysis (PCA). The analysis of the full dataset indicated that there was a strong correlation (R 0.84­0.91; R2 0.71­0.82; RMSE 0.07­0.09) between estimated FC and soil water retention measured at potentials of 10 kPa and 33 kPa. FC estimated by PTF-3 correlated better with water holding capacity at 6 kPa. When the PTFs were reapplied to homogeneous soil groups (identified by PCA analysis), the correlation between predicted and measured FC was decreased.

Considerando a importância da retenção de água no solo para fins agronômicos e ambientais, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar três funções de pedotransferência (FP) para estimativa da capacidade de campo (CC) com base em atributos de solo facilmente determinados. Uma coleção de 17 solos dos biomas Cerrado e Pantanal, incluindo amostras superficiais e subsuperficiais, foram utilizadas. FP 1 considera o conteúdo de argila, matéria orgânica, areia grossa e microporosidade. FP 2 considera argila, areia total e matéria orgânica. A FP 3 leva em consideração apenas microporosidade. Os valores estimados de CC foram correlacionados aos valores de umidade obtidos em diferentes potenciais (0, 6, 10, 33, 100, 300, and 1500 kPa) com o intuito de verificar qual potencial corresponde à CC estimada. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão, ao teste Mann-Whitney rank-sum para comparar valores medidos e estimados e realizada análise de componentes principais (PCA). Considerando todo o conjunto de dados, foi obtida uma forte correlação (R 0.84­0.91; R2 0.71­0.82; RMSE 0.07­0.09) entre CC estimada e a umidade do solo obtida nos potenciais de 10 kPa e 33 kPa. A CC estimada pela FP 3 correlacionou melhor com a retenção de água no potencial de 6 kPa. Quando as FP's foram reaplicadas em grupos de solos homogêneos (identificados pela PCA), a correlação entre valores estimados e medidos diminuiu.

Study on membrane type leaf water evaporation inhibitors for improving effect of preventing diseases and pest controlling of / 中国中药杂志

Through indoor and field comparative experiments, the properties of membrane type leaf evaporation inhibitors and its effects on photosynthesis of and compatibility and synergistic of pesticide were studied. The evaporation inhibitors and were chosen to investigate the suppression of water evaporation and the compatibility with pesticides. The effect of evaporation inhibitors on photosynthesis of leaves was determined by the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system. The results showed that water evaporation of leaves of different leaf age were evidently suppressed after treated with evaporation inhibitor. The inhibitor was well compatible with pesticide and effectively improved the pesticide efficacy，and had no significant effect on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It is concluded that the evaporation inhibitor has good compatibility with the pesticide, and has remarkable effect of restraining moisture evaporation, which make it can be used for reducing the dosage and improving the efficacy of the pesticide in the field of

The Research on Cognitive Prototype of Water Dampness Phlegm Cognitive Prototype Study in Phlegm Retention Disease / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

In ancient China,there are many medical researchers studying in diseases recorded in Jin Gui Yao Lue such as wet disease,water qi disease,sputum drinking disease.However,these research methods and results fail to receive persistent development in modern studies.In this articles,metaphorical cognition was used to relate wet disease,water qi disease,sputum drinking disease to fog,cloud and water (or ice) respectively,to reacquaint these diseases.And in addition,relationships between the three diseases and the corresponding natural phenomena were discussed as well.We emphatically come up with the idea that the wet disease in traditional Chinese medicine theoretic system is not equal to the conception of edema.Instead,according to wet disease part in Jin Gui Yao lue,the characters of this disease is more like the changes of cloud.In the matter of treatment theory,we investigate the application of method of analogy to explain related formula.As a result,we found the compatibility rule of ancient prescription for wet disease followed the process of hydrological cycle in nature.

Avaliação do teor de umidade, proteína e relação umidade/proteína em cortes de frango congelados / Evaluation of the protein and relative humidity / protein in frozen chicken cuts

A ocorrência de fraudes por excesso de absorção de água em aves tem sido alvo de programas especiais de coibição do Ministério da Agricultora, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), desde 2000. Em 2010, o MAPA regulamentou a Instrução Normativa n° 32 (IN32), que estabelece os parâmetros para avaliação do teor total de água contida nos cortes de frango resfriados e congelados. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os níveis de umidade e proteína e a relação umidade/proteína em filés de peito, coxas com e sem pele de frango comercializados congelados nos municípios de Rio de Janeiro e de Niterói. Trabalhou-se com cinco marcas de filés de peito, quatro marcas de coxas com pele e quatro marcas de coxas sem pele. Foram efetuadas determinações de umidade, proteína e relação umidade/ proteína, comparando os teores encontrados com a IN32. A marca de peito de frango4 apresentou o teor de umidade (77,41%) superior ao preconizado pela legislação e as marcas 2 (20,45%) e 4 (19,26%) teores inferiores aos estabelecidos para proteína. Todas as marcas de coxa com e sem pele possuíam teor de umidade acima do preconizado e, com relação a proteína (matéria integral), a marca 2 com pele possuía teor (14,24%) abaixo do estabelecido e a marca 2 sem pele apresentou teor acima (19,37%). Os resultados sinalizam possível fraude por absorção de água, aumentando o lucro dos produtores em detrimento dos consumidores, que se veem lesados em seu direito, ao pagarem por um produto de qualidade inferior à pretendida.

Comparative study on expelling water retention with drastic purgative of crude and vinegar stir-baked Kansui Radix in cancerous ascites rats / 中草药

Objective: To compare the function of expelling water retention with drastic purgative of crude and vinegar stir-baked Kansui Radix in cancerous ascites model rats. Methods: Furosemide was taken as positive control drug, and the cancerous ascites model rats were respectively orally administered with powder of crude and vinegar stir-baked Kansui Radix and their alcohol and water extract for 7 d. The amounts of urine and ascites, the levels of urinary sodium, potassium, chlorideion, and pH value, and the contents of PRA, Ang II, ALD, and ADH in serum were investigated. Results: Compared with model group, the amount of urine of each medication administration group significantly increased (P < 0.05, 0.01), the amount of ascites, the levels of urinary sodium, potassium, chlorideion, and pH value (P < 0.01), and the contents of PRA, Ang II, ALD, and ADH in serum all showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05, 0.01). Among them, the groups which were administered with powder of crude and vinegar stir-baked Kansui Radix were the most significant, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The powders of crude and vinegar stir-baked Kansui Radix have a remarkable effect on expelling water retention with drastic purgative, and they could improve the symptom of cancerous ascites model rats.

The study of the correlation between the inferior vena cava diameter and water retention in the patients with acute heart failure / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate the ultrasound measured inferior vena cava (IVC) caliber used as an objective indicator to assess water retention of patients with acute heart failure (AHF).Methods A total of 72 consecutive patients with acute heart failure admitted in the emergency department between December 2013 and April 2014 were enrolled.Acute heart failure was defined by the presence of symptoms such as asthmatic embarrassment and nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnea with or without signs of tracheobronchchial rale and edema of lower limbs,and by objective evidence of cardiac dysfunction as well,either a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 45％ or the combination of both left atrium dilation (≥ 4 cm diameter in the parasternal long axis) and a plasma concentration of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) ＞ 450 pg/mL (patients under 50 years old) or ＞ 900 pg/mL (patients over 50 years old and under 75 years old) or ＞ 1800 pg/mL (patients over 75 years old) or ＞ 1200 pg/mL (patients with renal dysfunction,glomerular filtration rate ＜ 60 mL/min).Exclusion criteria were chronic hepatic disease and acute myocardial infarction.Another 22 patients were enrolled as control.Independent t tests were used to compare normally distributed continuous variables between two groups,while nonparametric tests were used to compare non-normally distributed continuous ones,and chi-squared tests were used for categorical variables.The relations between IVC inner diameter and other normally distributed variables were assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients.A 2-sided P value ＜ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results The congestion score and IVC inner diameter were significantly higher in patients with AHF (P ＜ 0.05 ; P ＜ 0.01).The IVC inner diameter was correlated with NT-proBNP concentration (r =0.339,P =0.01 3) and congestion score (r =0.431,P =0.002).There was no relation between IVC inner diameter and LVEF (r =-0.241,P =0.102).IVC inner diameter had significantly positive correlations with pulmonary artery pressure and tricuspid regurgitation (r =0.414,P =0.004 ; r =0.359,P =0.015).Creatinine,blood urea nitrogen,and bilirubin were independently associated with increasing IVC inner diameter (r =0.313,P =0.032 ; r =0.379,P =0.009 ; r =0.385,P =0.007),while IVC inner diameter had negative relation with glomerular filtration rate (r =-0.337,P =0.021).Conclusions The IVC inner diameter can be used as a measurable and objective indicator to estimate the magnitude of access water retention in patients with AHF.

Comparative effects of different extracts of Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar on function of expelling water retention with drastic purgative in cancerous ascites model rats / 中草药

Objective: To study the effects of different extracts of Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar (KRV) on the function of expelling water retention with drastic purgative in cancerous ascites model rats. Methods: The cancerous ascites model rats were respectively ig administered with KRV powder, ethanol extract, aqueous extract, and ehanol and aqueous extract of KRV (340 mg/kg) for 7 d. The amounts of urine and ascites, the levels of urinary sodium, potassium, chloride ion, and pH value, and the contents of PRA, Ang II, and ALD in serum were investigated. UPLC-QTOF MS technology was used to explore the components differences in various extracts of KRV. Results: Compared with the control group, the amount of urine in model group was significantly reduced (P<0.05), the ascites generated, and the urinary sodium, potassium, chloride ion, pH value, and the contents of PRA, Ang II, and ALD in serum were all significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model groups, the treatment groups showed decreasing trend in ascites; The amounts of urine in positive groups, powder groups, ethanol and aqueous extract groups showed a significant increase (P<0.05); The level of urinary sodium of water extraction groups showed significant decrease (P<0.05); The levels of urinary sodium, potassium, chloride ion, pH value, and the contents of PRA, Ang II, and ALD in serum of positive groups, powder groups, ethanol extract groups, and ethanol and aqueous extract groups all showed a significant decrease (P<0.05, 0.01). Diterpenes were inspected in the alcohol extract and alcohol and aqueous extract, fewer in the aqueous extract. Conclusion: Powder groups and ethanol and aqueous extract groups of KRV have remarkable effect on expelling water retention with drastic purgative, and there is no significant difference between the two groups, which could provide the basis for clinical medication of KRV that is made into the pill and powder. Diterpenes in KRV may be the active components on the function of expelling water retention with drastic purgative.

Qualidade física de um latossolo vermelho sob sistema de semeadura direta e cultivo convencional / Physical quality of an oxisol under no-tillage and conventional tillage

Para garantir a sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrícolas, a compreensão e a quantificação do impacto do uso e manejo do solo na sua qualidade física são de fundamental importância. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a qualidade de um Latossolo Vermelho sob cultivo convencional (CC) e sistema de semeadura direta (PD), por meio de diferentes indicadores físicos. Os sistemas de uso e manejo do solo foram: CC e PD por sete e oito anos consecutivos (solo de textura média) e CC e PD por nove e dez anos consecutivos (solo de textura argilosa). Foram determinadas, nas camadas de 0-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m, a resistência do solo à penetração, a porosidade total, a macroporosidade e a microporosidade, a retenção de água no solo, o índice S, a densidade, a densidade do solo máxima e também a densidade do solo relativa. Foi verificada grande variação da resistência do solo à penetração ao longo do ciclo das culturas da soja e do milho, sendo que seus maiores valores foram constatados nas camadas superficiais. Dentre os sistemas de manejo, o PD apresentou maior resistência do solo à penetração. Dentre os sistemas de manejo, o CC apresentou melhores resultados em relação aos indicadores de qualidade física do solo.

The understanding and quantification of the impact of tillage systems in their physical quality are fundamental in the development of sustainable agricultural systems. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of an Oxisol under conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage system (NT), through different physical indicators. The management systems were: CT and NT for seven or eight consecutive years (medium textured soil) and CT and NT by nine and ten consecutive years (clay soil). Were determined, at the layers 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.30 m, soil resistance to penetration, total soil porosity, macroporosity and microporosity, soil water retention, S index, soil bulk density, maximum density and relative bulk density. Was observed great variation of soil resistance to penetration throughout the soybean and corn cycles, with its highest values were found in the surface layers. The NT showed greater resistance to penetration. Among the management systems, the results against indicators of soil physical quality were similar.

Theoretical basis of imcompatibility of Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma based on diuretic and purgative effects on mice / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the theoretical basis of incompatibility of Euphorbiae pekinensis Radix (EPR) and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (GRR). Methods: In order to compare the effects of EPR used alone and combined with GRR, the diuretic effect was studied by weighing method to observe the urine output of normal mice, while the purgation effect was studied by observing the defecation time, feces pellets, and feces shape after drug administration. Results: In the equivalent dose range of China Pharmacopoeia 2010, the diuretic effect of EPR powder is stronger than its aqueous extract; GRR aqueous extract did not show any promoting or suppressing effect on the diuresis; Within 1 h after coadministration of EPR powder and GRR aqueous extract, urine output was significantly reduced, suggesting that GRR might inhibit the diuretic effect of EPR; The co-detection of EPR and GRR did not cause the obvious changes of urine output. There was no significant purgative effect of EPR powder alone and coadministered with GRR aqueous extract at the same dose level. Conclusion: The diuretic effect of EPR can be suppressed by GRR in the equivalent dose range of China Pharmacopoeia 2010, suggesting that the sweet and mitigation property of GRR relieving the effect of removing water retention by purgation is one of the incompatibility theoretical basis between EPR and GRR.

Hidrogel como substituto da irrigação complementar em viveiro telado de mudas de cafeeiro / Hydrogel as a substitute for irrigation in screened seed nursery coffee

O cafeeiro, em sua fase inicial de mudas, requer um adequado suprimento de água, pois o estresse hídrico pode causar reduções no crescimento e subsequentemente na produção em campo. A hipótese deste trabalho foi que o uso do hidrogel como substituto da irrigação de mudas de café cv. 'Iapar 59' proporciona mudas de qualidade igual ou superior àquelas irrigadas. O experimento foi conduzido em viveiro telado (50% sombrite) em Presidente Prudente - SP - de fevereiro a outubro de 2008. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (sem polímero e irrigado diariamente; 0,0; 1,0; 2,0 e 3,0g por saco de polietileno sem irrigação) e 20 repetições. Realizaram-se seis avaliações periódicas: número de folhas (NF), matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e raízes (MSR); comprimento da parte aérea (CPA) e raízes (CR) e MSPA/MSR. Para as condições do ensaio, o uso do hidrogel na dose de 2g por saco de polietileno proporcionou mudas de mesma qualidade que aquelas irrigadas. A relação MSPA/MSR foi superior para o tratamento irrigado.

The coffee seedlings require an adequate water supply because the water stress can cause reductions in growth and subsequently in the production field. The hypothesis of this research was that the hydrogel used as a substitute for the irrigation of seedlings of 'Iapar 59' coffee provides quality equal or higher seedling irrigated. The experiment was conducted in a screened seed nursery (50 shading) in Presidente Prudente city, São Paulo State, Brazil, since February to October 2008. The statistical design was completely randomized, with 5 treatments (without polymer and without irrigation; 0.0; 1.0; 2.0 and 3.0g of hydrogel per polythene bag without irrigation) and 20 repetitions. We conducted six periodic evaluations: number of leaves (NF), dry matter of aerial part (MSPA) and roots (MSR); length of aerial part (CPA) and roots (CR) and the MSPA/MSR. Under test conditions, the use of hydrogel in the dose of 2g per polyethylene bag results in seedlings of same quality of seedlings irrigated. The MSPA/MSR relation was higher for the irrigated treatment.

Classical Formula Wuling Powder Treat Residual Ovary Syndrome / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To observe the clinical effect of classical formula Wuling Powder on residual ovary syndrome(ROS). [Method] Choose medical cases for example, explore the clinical effect of revised Wuling Powder on ROS from diagnosis standard, cases data, causa morbi, mechanism, treatment rule and methods, effect standard and result respectively. [Result] The ROS treated with revised Wuling Powder is reasonable, with definite cure effect. [Conclu-sion] The classical formula Wuling Powder treating ROS has correct cure effect, worthy big disease cases study and further proving its efficacy.

Comparison of the clinical effects between the two-level ladder ultrafiltration and sequential dialysis for the hemodialysis patients with excessive water retention / 中国综合临床

Objective To compare the clinical effects between the two-level ladder ultrafiltration and sequential dialysis for hemodialysis patients with excessive water retention.Methods According to our hospital standard,23 patients with water retention during treatment with dialysis from January 2010 to September 2011 were selected.And they conducted a total of 198 dialysis.Both the two-level of high-level segment and sequential ultrafiltration step dialysis were set for 1 hour.Ultrafiltration accounted for one-third of the total,and the remaining two-thirds of the amount of ultrafiltration was completed in the remaining time.The blood pressure,ultrafiltration volume completed,plasma osmotic pressure,detection of vascular access pressure,and other observed indicators during dialysis were compared.Results The occurrence of hypotension and muscle spasms in two-level ladder ultrafiltration was slightly more than that in sequential dialysis,ultrafiltration volume completed actually in two-level ladder ultrafiltration was a little less than sequential dialysis.However,the difference was not statistically significant ( P ＞ 0.05 ).It took more time during sequential dialysis simple ultrafiltration,occasionally dialysis fluid stopped flowing and dialyzer and the trail tube lack of incubation,and some patients could not adapt to it.Amount of heparin( [7.48 ± 1.73 ] mg/h vs[6.25 ± 1.36] mg/h,t =5.374,P ＜ 0.01 ),venous pressure ( [ 128.62 ± 10.53 ] mm Hg vs [ 96.35 ± 11.84 ] mm Hg,t =20.166,P ＜ 0.01 ),trausmembrane pressure( [ 236.84 ± 23.65 ] mm Hg vs [ 175.94 ± 24.72] mm Hg,t =17.516,P ＜ 0.01 ) were significantly higher than those in the high level of ultrafiltration period.Mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) ( [ 100.48 ± 5.78 ] mm Hg vs [ 102.54 ± 5.39 ] mm Hg,t =2.571,P ＜ 0.05 ) and plasma osmotic pressure ( [ 311.42 ± 7.36] mOsm/( kg · H2O ) vs [ 3 1 7.31 ± 6.89 ] mOsm/( kg · H2O ),t =5.774,P ＜ 0.01 ) in high level period were significantly lower than those in the singal ultrafiltration period,and the MAP difference was higher than that in the singal ultrafiltration period ( [ 11.46 ± 6.53 ] mm Hg vs [ 9.42 ± 5.46 ] mm Hg,t =2.385,P ＜ 0.05 ).There is less symptomatic hypotension and other adverse reactions.Conclusion Two dialysis ultrafiltration method can both be used for patients with excessive water retention,they can reduce the ultrafiltraion complications and achieve ultrafiltration targets.Two-level ladder ultrafiltration with dialysis and ultra.filtration unity is more likely to be adopted by the clinic.

Textura do solo e a estimativa do teor de água no ponto de murcha permanente com psicrômetro / Soil texture and the estimation by Dewpoint Potential Meter of water retention at wilting point

A determinação do volume de água disponível às plantas é fundamental para o correto manejo da irrigação e definição quanto ao uso dos solos agrícolas. Os principais fatores que exercem influência na retenção e disponibilidade de água às plantas são a textura e a estrutura do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a influência da textura na retenção da água, na condição de ponto de murcha permanente (PMP) das plantas (-1,5MPa), sendo utilizado um psicrômetro modelo WP4-T. Determinaram-se a textura de 100 amostras de solo e o teor de água no PMP. Os resultados indicaram que, em potenciais maiores que -1,0MPa, o psicrômetro mostrou-se pouco preciso, não se recomendando a sua utilização nessa condição. O PMP aumentou de 0,059 para 0,29g g-1, quando o teor de argila aumentou de 120 para 779g kg-1. Obteve-se um bom ajuste dos resultados do teor de água no PMP em função do teor de argila do solo, e 91 por cento da variação do teor de água no PMP puderam ser atribuídos à variação no teor de argila. Conclui-se que o psicrômetro é um equipamento que pode ser utilizado para determinar o PMP, e a equação PMP (g g-1)=0,0003*Argila (g kg-1)+0,0118 pode ser utilizada para estimar o PMP.

The determination of the available water to plants is essential to right irrigation management and definition regarding the use in agricultural soils. The main factors that exert influence on retention and availability of water to plants are texture and soil structure. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of the texture on water retention in the condition of permanent wilting point (PWP) of plants (-1,5MPa) using a WP4-T Dewpoint Potentia Meter. The texture of 100 soil sample and soil moisture at PWP was determined. Results indicated that, in potentials higher than -1,0MPa, WP4-T seemed not very precise, therefore its use is not recommended in this condition. PWP increased from 0,059 to 0,29g g-1, while the clay content increased from 120 to 779g kg-1. It was obtained a good adjustment of the results of water content at PWP based on clay content of soil, being that 91 percent of variation in water content at PWP could be attributed to variation in clay content. It was concluded that WP4-T is an equipment that can be used to determine PWP and the equation PWP (g g-1)=0,0003 * Clay(g kg-1)+0,0118 can be used to estimate PWP.

Atributos químicos, físico-hídricos e mineralogia da fração argila em solos do Baixo Amazonas: Serra de Parintins / Chemical, physical and hydric attributes and mineralogy of clay fractions in soils of lower Amazon: Serra de Parintins

Estudos sobre os atributos dos solos amazônicos geram informações para compor um levantamento atual sobre suas condições frente às várias formas de alterações que estão sujeitos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e avaliar a evolução química, físico-hídrica, bem como a mineralogia de Latossolos no Baixo Amazonas como forma de entender as variações desses atributos em diferentes coberturas vegetais. Coletaram-se amostras deformadas e indeformadas para análises físicas, químicas, mineralógicas e hídricas, em dois pontos de uma topossequência na Serra de Parintins: platô e vertente, sendo três perfis de solo em cada posição. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a floresta predominante sobre os perfis do topo e vertente promove condições físicas e hídricas adequadas para uma boa agregação, maior intensidade de poros grandes, maior condutividade hidráulica saturada (Ko) e melhor retenção hídrica dos solos. Fato semelhante ocorrendo com as áreas de capoeira, apresentando boa permeabilidade, porosidade e retenção de água no solo. O acúmulo de carbono é maior dos perfis da vertente, decrescendo em profundidade, relacionando-se diretamente com Ko e com o sistema radicular. A análise mineralógica da fração argila indicou a caulinita como argilomineral predominante, seguido pelos minerais gibbsita, goethita, quartzo e anatásio, não havendo variações ao longo da paisagem. A Serra de Parintins possui um solo pobre em nutrientes, ácido, com textura média a muito argilosa com acúmulo de plintita nos horizontes subsuperficiais, evitando o fenômeno de terras caídas. Um gradiente elevado de umidade volumétrica é observado nos horizontes subsuperficiais, havendo mais água retida, quando comparado com horizontes superficiais.

The latest studies of attributes of soil of the Amazonian ecosystems provide information to make up a survey on these soil conditions in the face of several forms of changes they are submitted. This work aimed to describe and evaluate physical and hydric evolution as well oxisol mineralogy in lower Amazon in order to comprehend variations of these attributes in different vegetative covers. Deformed and non-deformed samples were collected for physical, chemical, hydric and mineralogical analyses, respectively in two points of a topographic sequence in Serra de Parintins: plateau and watershed, being showed three profiles of soil in each position. The results showed that predominant forest of the plateau and watershed profiles provide proper physical and hydric conditions for a good aggregation, higher intensity of large pores, larger saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ko) and better hydric retention of soils. Similar fact occurs in secondary forest, presenting such areas good permeability, porosity and water retention in soil. Carbon accumulation is higher in watershed profiles, decreasing in depth and relating directly with Ko and root system. Mineralogical analysis of clay fraction points kaolinite as predominant followed by gypsum, goethita, quartzo and anatásio, showing no variations along landscape. Serra de Parintins has poor acid clay soil of medium texture accumulating plintita on subsurface horizons, avoiding the phenomenon of terras caídas. A high gradient of volumetric humidity is observed on subsurface horizons, showing water retention when compared to surface horizons.

Tensão e extração de água em mesa de tensão e coluna de areia, em dois solos com elevada densidade / Water tension and extraction by suction table and sand suction column in two soils with high bulk density

A determinação da umidade do solo submetido a uma dada tensão segue o pressuposto que o potencial mátrico da água do solo esteja em equilíbrio com a tensão aplicada. A verificação do tempo para a tensão da água do solo atingir o equilíbrio com a tensão de 6kPa foi efetuada em um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico típico e um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico. No Argissolo, o equilíbrio entre a tensão aplicada e o potencial mátrico da água do solo, para a maioria das amostras, foi verificado entre 72 e 96h, enquanto no Latossolo não houve equilíbrio no período de 168h. A tensão nas amostras não teve correlação significativa com a densidade do solo e não atingiu a tensão aplicada na mesa de tensão e na coluna de areia. No entanto, mais de 97 por cento da água passível de ser removida dos dois solos foi extraída até 48h, o que sugere que esse tempo é suficiente para a estimativa da umidade na tensão de 6kPa, independentemente do teor de argila do solo.

The determination of moisture content in soils under tension follows the assumption that the water matric potential is at equilibrium with an applied tension. The time the soil water tension reaches the equilibrium under the 6kPa tension was determined in Hapludalf and Hapludox clay soils. In the Hapludalf, the equilibrium between the applied tension and water matric potential, in most of the samples, was obtained between 72 and 96h, while in Hapludox, equilibrium was not reached until the 168h. The water tension in the samples had no significant correlation with bulk density and did not reach the tension applied on the suction table and sand suction column. Nevertheless, more than 97 percent of the soil water was extracted at 48h both in Hapludalf and Hapludox, suggesting that this time is sufficient to estimate the soil moisture at 6kPa tension, independently of clay content.

Caracterização física de dois substratos orgânicos para plantas e a estimativa da umidade por meio da reflectometria no domínio do tempo / Physical characterization of two organic substrates for plants and the estimate of water content through the time domain reflectometry

O crescente uso de substratos na produção agrícola e no cultivo em ambiente protegido, promove produção em grande escala. Nesse sentido, as caracterizações químicas, biológicas e físicas desses materiais se fazem necessárias à proposição e à avaliação de padrões de qualidade que devem preceder a sua comercialização. As propriedades físicas dos substratos influenciam no bom desenvolvimento da plantas, sobretudo, no manejo de irrigação, onde a compreensão da relação retenção de água e aeração é imprescindível. Para tanto, mostra-se necessário que também se determine o volume de água presente nos substratos utilizados. Nesse sentido, o uso da reflectometria no domínio do tempo (TDR) pode representar um avanço em estudos dessa natureza. Dessa forma, baseado na determinação das curvas de retenção de água, neste trabalho, foram feitas as caracterizações físicas de dois substratos orgânicos: casca de pinus e fibra de coco. Também foram ajustadas, para cada um dos substratos avaliados, uma curva de calibração, através da qual, por meio da técnica da TDR, estimou-se o seu conteúdo de água. De maneira geral, com exceção da densidade seca, os substratos em estudo apresentaram características físicas da relação ar-água muito semelhantes. Quando comparado com os valores obtidos pelo método gravimétrico, na faixa de água facilmente disponível, a técnica da TDR apresentou um bom desempenho na estimativa da umidade de ambos substratos apresentando um coeficiente de determinação de 0,9319 para a casca de pinus e de 0,9385 para a fibra de coco.

The increasing use of substrates on agricultural production and controlled environment has been promoting its large scale production. In this way, chemical, biological and physical characterizations of these materials are necessary to the quality standard proposal and evaluation which must precede its commercialization. High plants development has been influenced by substrates physical properties, mainly on irrigation handling, where understanding about water retention and pore aeration is essential. Water volume determination on substrates used during experiments has been necessary, and in this way the use of the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) can represent an advance about this kind of researches. Based on water retention curve determination, this research, has been carried on physical characterizations of two organic substrates: coconut fiber and pine bark substrates. Also, a calibration curve has been adjusted for each tested substrates, and through TDR technique was estimated the water content. In a general, except to the dry density, the tested substrates has showed similar characteristics about its water-air relation. In the range readily available water, for both tested substrates, the TDR technique has showed a good performance on the water content estimative, with a determination coefficient of 0.9319 to the pine barks and 0.9385 to the coconut fiber.